Resilience and psychological factors among dentistry students who received face-to-face lectures during the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: This research evaluated whether the relationships between factors of resilience, self-esteem, depression, and anxiety in dental students with changes in teaching and learning methods. We also studied the psychological impact of face-to-face lectures during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: This cross-sectional descriptive study used Google Forms to collect data with the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE), Connor-Davidson Risk Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI and BDI-II). An open-ended question was also asked about important learning difficulties. RESULTS: The analysis revealed very high levels of resilience (30.23 ± 5.84), self-esteem in the normal range (29.08 ± 4.03), minimal depression levels (12.32 ± 8.05), and low anxiety levels (17.20 ± 12.41). There were no significant differences between sociodemographic variables ranges in regard to all psychological questionnaires. No high levels of depression and anxiety were found. CONCLUSIONS: The levels were low compared to other studies in which online teaching was used, which is explained by the fact that the students retained adequate resilience and self-esteem thanks to being able to contact teachers and, above all, their own peers.

Advances in the Diagnosis, Monitoring, and Progression of Oral Cancer through Saliva: An Update.

The early detection of cancer, and in particular oral cancer, has been a priority objective of study in recent years. Saliva has been proposed as an easy-to-obtain means of providing the necessary information to diagnose malignant lesions in the oral cavity, since it can be obtained very easily and completely noninvasively. There are a number of molecules, known as biomarkers, which may be involved in the malignant transformation of oral lesions, and which have different natures. The involvement of proteins ("proteomics"), metabolites ("metabolomics"), and even certain genes in the structural changes of altered tissue has been investigated in order to establish validated parameters for the early diagnosis of oral cancer. In addition, the development of new analytical assay methods that can reduce costs and obtain better results in terms of sensitivity and specificity has been a key point in recent research in this field. Even though there are numerous biomarkers with results showing high sensitivity and specificity, there is still a need for more studies, with a larger sample and with analytical methods that can constitute a real advance in time and cost. Although salivary biomarkers are a promising new diagnostic tool for oral cancer, for the moment they do not replace biopsy as the "gold standard".

Association between Oral Cancer and Diet: An Update.

Oral cancer, included within head and neck cancer, is the sixth most common malignant neoplasm in the world. The main etiological factors are tobacco and alcohol, although currently, diet is considered an important determinant for its development. Several dietary nutrients have specific mechanisms of action, contributing to both protection against cancer and increasing the risk for development, growth, and spread. Foods such as fruits, vegetables, curcumin, and green tea can reduce the risk of oral cancer, while the so-called pro-inflammatory diet, rich in red meat and fried foods, can enhance the risk of occurrence. Dietary factors with a protective effect show different mechanisms that complement and overlap with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic, and anti-proliferative effects. The main limitation of in vivo studies is the complexity of isolating the effects related to each one of the nutrients and the relationship with other possible etiological mechanisms. On the contrary, in vitro studies allow determining the specific mechanisms of action of some of the dietary compounds. In conclusion, and despite research limitations, the beneficial effects of a diet rich in vegetables and fruits are attributed to different micronutrients that are also found in fish and animal products. These compounds show antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic, and anti-proliferative properties that have a preventive role in the development of oral and other types of cancer.

Soft Tissue Augmentation Techniques in Implants Placed and Provisionalized Immediately: A Systematic Review.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of techniques for soft tissue augmentation in the placement of immediate implants with and without provisionalization and to assess the quality of the reports in the literature. Randomized clinical trials, prospective clinical trials, and case series were included in this review. Clinical questions were formulated and organised according to the PICOS strategy. An electronic search was performed in PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Scopus, and ISI Web up until June 2016. Interexaminer agreement on eligibility (k = 0.842; p = 0.103) and quality (k = 0.933; p < 0.001) was high. Methodological approaches were assessed using criteria based on design related forms designed by the Dutch Cochrane Collaboration. Finally, 14 papers were identified. In two studies, the implant survival was 90%; for the rest of the studies it was 100%. All studies reported favourable aesthetic, biological, and radiographic outcomes. Surgical and biomechanical complications of this technique were not relevant. This technique effectively compensates for the expected loss of volume of the oral soft tissues and maintains high success rates with good aesthetic results over time.

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La epiglotis o el cartílago epiglótico es una lámina delgada, flexible, ovalada de cartílago elástico localizada en la parte antero superior de la laringe y posteriormente al cartílago tiroides. Su función principal es la de protegerlas vías aéreas durante la deglución, evitando la entrada de sólidos y líquidos en las mismas (figura1). Está formada por una cara posterior recubierta de mucosa de la laringe; una cara anterior que se relaciona con otras estructuras como el cartílago tiroideo, la membrana tirohioidea, hueso hiodes y base de la lengua y unos bordes laterales. Deriva de la porción caudal de la eminencia hipobranquial, apareciendo hacia la 3ª semana y se diferencia de la base de la lengua hacia la 6ª semana. En cuanto a su situación y como parte de la laringe, al comienzo de su desarrollo se coloca cranealmente y luego se desplaza progresivamente en sentido caudal. Este desplazamiento caudal va a perdurar durante el nacimiento y los primeros años de vida. Durante la lactancia, la epiglotis alcanza la nasofaringe y se coloca por detrás de la cara superior del velo palatino. Esto es importante ya que el neonato debe respirar y beber al mismo tiempo. En la infancia, la extensión del cuello eleva el paladar blando permitiendo la ventilación oral en vez de la respiración nasal propia del neonato, permitiendo el descenso de la epiglotis así como de otras estructuras como el cuerpo del hioides, la glotis, el margen inferior del cricoides y la bifurcación traqueal. Siendo esta evolución más marcada en hombres que en mujeres debido a los cambios estructurales propios del desarrollo y los cambios fonatorios. Por su localización la epiglotis es una estructura que rara vez puede observarse a la exploración oral sin la utilización de espejo laríngeo. Si bien durante la infancia puede ser observada en algunos casos, los posteriores cambios anatómicos y el desarrollo de la voz dificultan su visualización directa en la edad adulta (AU)